Winners of the prestigious 2010 Kavli Prizes—biennial international awards that recognize seminal advances in astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience, and include a cash prize of $1 million in each field— were announced via live satellite from the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, in Oslo. Nobel Laureate Harold Varmus, Co-Chair of President Obama’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, delivered the keynote address to open the event. Following the announcement of the winners, a panel of internationally renowned scientists, including Antonio Damasio and Mostafa A. El-Sayed, discussed the scientific achievements of the 2010 Kavli laureates and provided insightful commentary on the next wave of research and opportunities being pursued in these dynamic fields.